1191-1200 MCQ in Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

1191-1200

1191) What is the PROPER time TO WAIT in the tissue expansion process before initiate sequential inflation?

A. 2 days
B. 3 days
C. 5 days
D.1 week
E. 2 weeks

1192) The PROPER anatomical area - in the scalp -  to place the tissue expander is UNDER

A. The skin.
B. The subcutaneous tissue
C. The galea aponeurotica
D. The temporalis muscle
E. The pericranium

1193) Which of the following statements regarding the physiology of tissue expansion is FALSE?

A. The epidermis has an increased mitotic activity
B. The dermis layer is also  increased
C. The muscle tissue demonstrates atrophy
D. The vascular tissue demonstrates proliferation
E. The neural tissue is intolerant to expansion

1194) What is the MOST common complication noted in tissue expansion?

A. Deflation
B. Migration
C. Infection
D. Exposure
E. Seroma

1195) Which of the following statements regarding tissue expansion used in the head and neck is FALSE?

A. Tissue expanders are made of silicone
B. Tissue expander base size is 2.5 times the area to be reconstructed
C. Tissue expanders work best under the scalp or forehead
D. Tissue expanders usually have a remote filling port
E. Tissue expanders have a high rate of infection

1196) Which of the following local facial flap is the ONE represented in the drawing?

A. Rotation
B. Interpolation
C. Transposition
D. Advancement
E.  Hinge

1197) Which of the following statements regarding the Radial forearm flap is FALSE?

A. It is designed in the volar forearm.
B. It can be harvested as fascial , fascio-cutaneous or osteo-cutaneous flap.
C. It has a very small vessel diameter with limited pedicle length
D. It is adequate for reconstruction of total lower lip reconstruction
E. It  can be harvested with the inclusion of the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve

1198) Which of the following Free Tissue Transfer is the BEST to cover  the dead space produced after total maxillectomy with orbital exenteration?

A. Radial Forearm
B. Latissimus dorsi
C. Rectus abdominis
D. Gracilis muscle
E. Transverse rectus abdominis

1199) Which of the following DOMINANT pedicles related to these Free Tissue Transfer Flaps is FALSE?

A. Radial Forearm Flap-Radial artery
B. Lateral Arm Flap-Posterior radial collateral artery
C. Scapular Flap-Circumflex artery
D. Latissimus dorsi Flap-Intercostal arteries
E. Rectus abdominis-Deep inferior and superior epigastric arteries

1200) How many mm Hg is the tourniquet inflated in preparation for harvesting the Radial Forearm Free Flap?

A. 75 mm Hg.
B. 100 mm Hg.
C  150 mm Hg.
D. 250 mm Hg.
E. 350 mm Hg.

ANSWERS & REFERENCES

1191) E     2 weeks

Hoffman J. F.: Tissue Expansion in Reconstruction of the Head and Neck, Chapter 55 in Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, (Papel I. D., editor), Third Edition, Thieme, pp. 745-756

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/880686-overview

1192) C     The galea aponeurotica

Ducic Y.: Reconstruction of the Scalp, Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery of the Face, Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America, (Wax M. K., editor), May 2009, Vol. 17, No. 2., pp. 177-187

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/880686-overview

1193) B     The dermis layer is also  increased

Hoffman J. F.: Tissue Expansion in Reconstruction of the Head and Neck, Chapter 55 in Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, (Papel I. D., editor), Third Edition, Thieme,  pp. 745-756, 2009

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/880686-overview

1194) D     Exposure

Hoffman J. F.: Tissue Expansion in Reconstruction of the Head and Neck, Chapter 55 in Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, (Papel I. D., editor), Third Edition, Thieme,  pp. 745--756, 2009

1195) E     Tissue expanders have a high rate of infection

Hoffman J. F.: Tissue Expansion in Reconstruction of the Head and Neck, Chapter 55 in Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, (Papel I. D., editor), Third Edition, Thieme,  pp. 745-756, 2009

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1295239-overview

1196) C     Transposition

Baker S. R.: Reconstruction of the Facial Defects, chapter 27  Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, (Cummings, Fredrickson, Harker, Krause, Richardson, Schuller, editors), Third Edition, 1998, pp.527-559

1197) C         It has a very small vessel diameter with limited pedicle length  

Burkey B. B., Schmalbach C.E., Coleman Jr. J.R.: Microvascular Flaps, Chapter 57 in Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, (Papel I. D., editor), Third Edition, Thieme,  pp. 765-793
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1284724-overview

Odell M. J., Varvares M. A.: Microvascular Reconstruction of Major Lip Defects, Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery of the Face, Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America, (Wax M. K., editor), May 2009, Vol. 17, No. 2., pp. 203-209

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1284631-overview

1198) C     Rectus abdominis

Shrime M. G., Gilbert R. W.: Reconstruction of the Midface and Maxilla, Microvascular Reconstructive Surgery of the Face, Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America, (Wax M. K., editor), May 2009, Vol. 17, No. 2., pp. 211-223

 http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1284724-overview

1199) D      Latissimus dorsi Flap-Intercostal arteries

Burkey B. B., Schmalbach C.E., Coleman Jr. J.R.: Microvascular Flaps, Chapter 57 in Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, (Papel I. D., editor), Third Edition, Thieme,  pp. 765-793

 http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1284724-overview

1200) D      250 mm Hg.

Burkey B. B., Schmalbach C.E., Coleman Jr. J.R.: Microvascular Flaps, Chapter 57 in Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, (Papel I. D., editor), Third Edition, Thieme,  pp. 765-793

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/880531-treatment


-----------------------------------------
Updated: August 5, 2017

1181-1190 MCQ in Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

1181-1190

1181) Which of the following intravenous pharmacological drugs is an specific benzodiazepine antagonist?

A. Diazepam
B. Midazolam
C. Lorazepam
D. Oxazepam
E. Flumazenil

1182) Which of the following statements regarding the Leser-Trélat sign is FALSE?

A. It is the abrupt appearance of multiple seborreic keratosis.
B. It is also associated with multiple actinic keratosis lesions
C. It is usually accompanied by intense pruritus
D. It is commonly implicated or marker for internal malignancy
E.It is most commonly associated with colon adenocarcinoma

1183) Which of the following nevi are usually the largest?

A. Junctional nevus
B. Intradermal nevus
C. Compound nevus
D. Congenital nevus
E. Blue nevus

1184) Which of the following nevi are small, less than 1 cm, most common in women than men, dome-shaped blue appearance, and  more than 50% of the cases found on the dorsa of the hands and feet?

A. Junctional nevus
B. Intradermal nevus
C. Compound nevus
D. Congenital nevus
E. Blue nevus

1185) Which of the following statements regarding the Halo nevus is FALSE?

A. It is a pigmented melanocytic nevus
B. It is usually malignant in nature
C. It is found in all races
D. It is found equally in boys and girls
E. It is usually found in children

1186) The drawing below represents the Millard technique in ONE-STAGE of a bilateral cleft lip repair. Which of the following flaps is the one indicated by the arrows?

A. Collumellar flap
B. Forked flap
C. Vermillion flap
D. Alar flap
E. Nasolabial flap

1187) Which of the following statements regarding the bilateral cleft lip is FALSE?

A. There is an anterior premaxillary projection
B. There is a deficient, short columella
C. The prolabium contains a well defined muscle
D. There is a deficient nasal floor present
E. There is an orbicularis oris muscle inserting into the lateral cleft margins

1188) Which of the following statements regarding Millard unilateral cleft lip repair is FALSE?

A. It is based in a rotation-advancement technique.
B. It concentrates the tension at the lower portion of the lip
C. It has its transverse incision at the base of the columella
D. It seeks to restore the Cupid's bow in a normal position
E. It is not based on precise measurements of the lip

1189) Which of the following techniques in cleft lip repair is MOST effective in the closure of a WIDE unilateral cleft lip that has a difference of 6 mm in height between the two philtral columns?

A. Millard
B. Tennison-Randall
C. Bardach
D. Le Mesurier
E. Rose-Thompson

1190) Which of the following methods of cleft lip repair is based on two triangular flaps?

A. Millard
B. Tennison-Randall
C. Bardach
D. Le Mesurier
E. Rose-Thompson

ANSWERS & REFERENCES

1181) E     Flumazenil

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/809993-overview

1182) B     It is also associated with multiple actinic keratosis lesions

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1097299-overview

Shahan F. F., Johnson K. J., Zitelli J. A., Roenigk Jr. H. H.: Management of Benign Facial Lesions, chapter 183 in Head and Neck Surgery-Otolaryngology, 4th edition, (Bailey, Byron J.; Johnson, Jonas T.; Newlands, Shawn D., edtiors), 2006. pp. 2731-2748

 Swanson N. A., Grekin R. C.: Recognition and Treatment of Skin Lesions, chapter 19 in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, (Cummings, Fredrickson, Harker, Krause, Schuller, editors), Mosby, 1993, pp. 315-332

1183) D     Congenital nevus

Shahan F. F., Johnson K. J., Zitelli J. A., Roenigk Jr. H. H.: Management of Benign Facial Lesions, chapter 183 in Head and Neck Surgery-Otolaryngology, 4th edition, (Bailey, Byron J.; Johnson, Jonas T.; Newlands, Shawn D., edtiors), 2006. pp. 2731-2748

Swanson N. A., Grekin R. C.: Recognition and Treatment of Skin Lesions, chapter 19 in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, (Cummings, Fredrickson, Harker, Krause, Schuller, editors), Mosby, 1993, pp. 315-332

1184) E     Blue nevus

 Shahan F. F., Johnson K. J., Zitelli J. A., Roenigk Jr. H. H.: Management of Benign Facial Lesions, chapter 183 in Head and Neck Surgery-Otolaryngology, 4th edition, (Bailey, Byron J.; Johnson, Jonas T.; Newlands, Shawn D., edtiors), 2006. pp. 2731-2748

Swanson N. A., Grekin R. C.: Recognition and Treatment of Skin Lesions, chapter 19 in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, (Cummings, Fredrickson, Harker, Krause, Schuller, editors), Mosby, 1993, pp. 315-332

1185) B     It is usually malignant in nature

Ammirati C. T., Hruza G. J.: Clinical presentations of cutaneous melanoma, Seminal Review Issue, Facial Plastic of North America, (Thomas J. R, editor), Vol. 13, No. 1, February 2005, pp.33-46

 http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1057446-overview

1186) B     Forked flap

Seibert R. W.: Bilateral Cleft Lip Repair, Chapter 11, in Pediatric Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, (Smith J. D., and Bumsted R.M., editors), Raven Press, 1993, pp. 147-157

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1279040-treatment

1187) C      The prolabium contains a well defined muscle

 Sykes J. M., Tollefson T.T.: Management of the cleft lip deformity, Seminal Review Issue, Facial Plastic of North America, (Thomas J. R, editor), Vol. 13, No. 1, February 2005, pp.157-167

 http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1279040-overview

1188) B     It concentrates the tension at the lower portion of the lip

Schuller D. E., Krause C. J.: Cleft lip and Palate, A Self-Instructional Package from the Committee on Continuing Education in Otolaryngology, AAOHNS Foundation, 1983

1189) C     Bardach

Schuller D. E., Krause C. J.: Cleft lip and Palate, A Self-Instructional Package from the Committee on Continuing Education in Otolaryngology, AAOHNS Foundation, 1983

1190) C     Bardach                                                                                                                                                                                             Schuller D. E., Krause C. J.: Cleft lip and Palate, A Self-Instructional Package from the Committee on Continuing Education in Otolaryngology, AAOHNS Foundation, 1983

-----------------------------------------
Updated: August 5, 2017

1171-1180 MCQ in Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

1171-1180

1171) Which of the following inhalational anesthetic agents has been MOST commonly associated with malignant hyperthermia?

A. Nitrous oxide
B. Halothane
C. Enflurane
D. Isoflurane
E. Desflurane

1172) Which of the following statements regarding the Propofol is FALSE?

A. Rapid onset and short duration of action
B. Hypotension for peripheral vasodilation
C. Veno-irritation and phlebitis
D. Intense nausea in the awakening period
E. Kidney is the route of excretion

1173) Which of the following drugs are related to hallucinations during the recovery period?

A. Barbiturates
B. Etomidate
C. Propofol
D. Ketamine
E. Nitrous oxide

1174) Which of the following inhalational anesthetic agents has a high risk for renal toxicity?

A. Halothane
B. Enflurane
C. Isoflurane
D. Desflurane
E. Sevoflurane

1175) During the process of general anesthesia  of a pediatric patient a masseter muscle spasm occurs,  followed by sustained muscle rigidity, and increase core of body temperature.  The inhalation agent is stopped immediately . Which of the following pharmacology agents is usually necessary to treat this condition?

A. Diazepam
B. Succinylcholine
C. Atropine
D. Dandrolene
E. Nitrous oxide

1176) Which of the following palatoplaty technique is the one used in the drawing below?

 

A. Langenbeck palatoplasty
B. Two-flap palatoplasty
C. Three-flap palatoplaty
D. Furlow's palatoplasty
E. Schweckendiek technique

1177) Which of the following sign or symptom is MOST likely related to a TOXIC reaction of a local anesthetic?

A. Bronchospasm
B. Dyspnea
C. Laryngospasm
D.Diaphoresis
E. Metallic taste or tongue numbness

1178) The potency of a local anesthesia is directly related to

A. Class/Group  of local anesthetic
B. Concentration
C. Vasocontrictor effect
D. Vasodilation effect
E. Lipid solubility

1179) Which of the following local anesthetic is RARELY related to allergic reaction?

A. Cocaine
B. Procaine
C. Bupivacaine
D.Chloroprocaine
E. Benzocaine

1180) Which of the following intravenous pharmacologic agents has the MOST complete and longest acting amnesia effect?

A. Diazepam
B. Midazolam
C. Lorazepam
D. Oxazepam
E. Flumazenil                                

ANSWERS & REFERENCES

1171) B     Halothane

http://reference.medscape.com/drug/halothane-343096#5

1172) D     Intense nausea in the awakening period

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1271543-overview#a30

1173) D     Ketamine

http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ketalar-ketamine-343099#4

1174) B      Enflurane

http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ethrane-enflurane-999516#4

1175) D     Dandrolene

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1445509-overview

1176) D     Furlow's palatoplasty

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/878062-treatment

1177) E      Metallic taste or tongue numbness

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/873879-overview

1178) E     Lipid solubility

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/873879-overview

1179) C     Bupivacaine

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/873879-overview

1180) C     Lorazepam

Perlow M.: Anesthesia  for Facial Plastic Surgery,  Chapter 14, in Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (Papel, I. D, and Nachlas N. E. editors), First Edition, Mosby, 1992, pp. 124-128


-----------------------------------------
Updated: August 5, 2017

1161-1170 MCQ in Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

1161-1170

1161) Which of the following questions in the preoperative assessment of a possible cosmetic facial surgery is BEST TO AVOID?

A. "Do you think this surgery will make any other things better for you?"
B. "Does anyone else want you to have this surgery?"
C. "How long have you wanted this change?"
D. "Why do you want this done?"
E. "What can I do for you"?

1162) Which of the following statements in the surgical repair of a cleft lip is FALSE?

A. The Millard method is based on the rotation-advancement flaps.
B. The Tennison-Randall method is based on the inset of a triangular flap from the cleft side into a releasing incision on the noncleft side.
C. The Millard method preserves the Cupid's bow and the philtral dimple.
D. The Tennison-Randall method has an excellent access to the nasal deformity.
E. The Millard method creates a more natural and pleasant scar.

1163) Which of the following metal implants DOES NOT corrode over time?

A. Vitallium
B. Titanium
C. Stainless steel
D. Gold
E. Silver

1164) Which of the following statements regarding collagen is FALSE?

A. There are three types of bovine collagen: Zyderm I, Zyderm II, and  Zyplast.
B. Zyplast is cross-linked with glutaraldehyde.
C. There are three types of human collagen: CosmoDerm I, CosmoDerm II and Cosmoplast
D. Bovine and human collagen will require skin testing prior to the treatment injection.
E. Bovine and human collagen results last 4 months.

1165) Which of the following statements regarding Hyaluronic acid implants is FALSE?

A. Hyaluronic acid is one of the component of the extracelullar matrix in the dermis.
B. Restylane is derived from laboratory fermentation of bacterial cultures of equine streptococci.
C. Hyaloform is a purified form derived from the rooster combs.
D. Skin testing is mandatory prior to injection of any form of hyaluronic acid products.
E. Corrections by hyaluronic acid products can be expected to last 6 months.

1166) Which of the following anatomy terminology is the ONE indicated by the black arrow? Please note that the drawing is related to the internal aspect of the mandible.

A. Mylohyoid groove
B. Mylohyoid line
C. Oblique line
D. Mental groove
E. Mental foramen

1167) Radiesse is related to which of the following implant materials?

A. Collagen
B. Hyaluronic acid
C. Hydroxyapatite
D. Polyacrylamide
E. Polyester

1168) What is the following PERCENTAGE of patients will usually benefit from chin augmentation for better facial balance?

A.1%
B.5%
C.10%
D.20%
E.40%

1169) Which of the following chin augmentation implants DOES NOT allow any fibrobrovascular in-growth?.

A. Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE)
B. Polyethylene
C. Polyamide mesh
D. Polyamide nylon mesh
E. Solid Silicone rubber

1170) Which of the following statements regarding nasal implants is FALSE?

A. Nasal septal cartilage is the preferred cartilaginous grafting material for nasal reconstruction.
B. Conchal cartilage is the second choice for cartilaginous grafting material for nasal reconstruction.
C. Costal cartilage has the disadvantage/susceptibility of warping
D. Iliac crest  bone is the preferred bone grafting material for nasal reconstruction
E. Temporalis fascia is use as an onlay graft over other implant materials to smooth contour irregularities.

ANSWERS & REFERENCES

1161) D     "Why do you want this done?"

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/838030-overview

 1162) D     The Tennison-Randall method has an excellent access to the nasal deformity.

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/877970-treatment

1163) B      Titanium

Chow J. , Quatela V. C.:  Synthetic Facial Implants, Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America, (Shire J. R., editor), February 2008, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 1-10

1164) D     Bovine and human collagen will require skin testing prior to the treatment injection.

Chow J. , Quatela V. C.:  Synthetic Facial Implants, Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America, (Shire J. R., editor), February 2008, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 1-10

Williams III E. F., Pontius A. T.: The Aging Neck, chapter 185 in Bailey, Byron J.; Johnson, Jonas T. Newlands, Shawn D., Head & Neck Surgery - Otolaryngology, 4th Edition, 2006, pp 2762-2769

1165) D     Skin testing is mandatory prior to injection of any form of hyaluronic acid products.

Chow J. , Quatela V. C.: Synthetic Facial Implants, Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America, (Shire J. R., editor), February 2008, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 1-10

Williams III E. F., Pontius A. T.: The Aging Neck, chapter 185 in Bailey, Byron J.; Johnson, Jonas T. Newlands, Shawn D., Head & Neck Surgery - Otolaryngology, 4th Edition, 2006, pp 2762-2769

1166) B     Mylohyoid line

Shire J. R.: The importance of the Prejowl Notch in Face Lifting: The Prejowl Implant, Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America, (Shire J. R., editor), February 2008, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 87-97

1167) C     Hydroxyapatite

Chow J. , Quatela V. C.:  Synthetic Facial Implants, Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America, (Shire J. R., editor), February 2008, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 1-10

1168) D     20%

Lanson B. G., R. T.: Chin Augmentation, Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America, (Shire J. R., editor), February 2008, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 69-77

1169) E     Solid Silicone rubber

Lanson B. G., R. T.: Chin Augmentation, Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America, (Shire J. R., editor), February 2008, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 69-77

1170) D      Iliac crest  bone is the preferred bone grafting material for nasal reconstruction

Romo III T., Pearson J. M.:Nasal Implants, Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America, (Shire J. R., editor), February 2008, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 123-132

-----------------------------------------
Updated: August 5, 2017

1151-1160 MCQ in Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

1151-1160

1151) A 51 year old female actress in good general health is requesting a rhytidectomy. She has a strong jawline, well defined cheek bones, low seated submandibular glands, a high posterior hyoid bone and a thin neck skin with the expected photoaging for her age. Which of the following is NOT considerated IDEAL in this patient?

A. High posterior hyoid bone
B. Low seated submandibular glands
C. Strong forward chin
D. Shallow melolabial folds
E. Sharp cervicomental angle

1152) Which of the following face and neck abnormalities of aging is BEST corrected by the Rhytidectomy?

A. Cervico-mental angle
B. Deep nasolabial folds
C. Lateral  perioral jowling
D. Orbicularis oculi muscle ptosis
E. Malar fat pad ptosis

1153) Which of the following  statements  is NOT improved by a Facelift procedure?

A. Ptosis of the jowl
B. Cervicomental angle
C. Malar fat pad ptosis
D. Turkey gobbler deformity
E. Skin redundancy of the lower face

1154) Which of the following effects is TRUE using soft tissue expanders?

A. Thin epidermis
B. Thin dermis
C. Thick adipose tissue
D. Decreased skin pigmentation
E. Increased hair follicles

1155) Which of the following complications in rhytidectomy and its incidence is TRUE?

A. Facial nerve palsy (0.8%)
B. Hematoma (1%)
C. Skin slough (15%)
D. Alopecia (10%)
E. Deformity of the earlobe (12%)

1156) What is the NORMAL intercanthal distance (A) represented in the drawing?

A.25 mm
B.35 mm
C.40 mm
D.45 mm
E.50 mm

1157) What is the BEST reconstruction option to repair one third full-thickness surgical defect of the lower lip?

A. Primary repair
B. Abbe flap
C. Estlander flap
D. Gillies flap
E. Karapandzic flap

1158) Which of the following statements regarding the anatomy of the platysma muscle is FALSE?

A. It is a paired muscle innervated by the external laryngeal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.
B. It originates from the fascia of the pectoralis major and deltoid muscles.
C. It ascends in the neck to insert on the inferior border of the mandible.
D. Its posterior third of the platysma passes over  the mandible  and fuse with the SMAS.
E. It can cause the "turkey-gobbler" , "double chin" as people age.

1159) Which of the following statement defines the "most anterior point of the chin soft tissue".

A. Menton
B. Subnasale
C. Pogonion
D. Cervical point
E. Gnathion
       
1160) If you compare the classic rhytidectomy procedure versus the deep plane rhytidectomy, the DEEP PLANE rhytidectomy will have a lower incidence of  

A. Nerve paresis
B. Nerve paralysis
C. Hematoma
D. Infection
E. Deformity of the ear lobe

ANSWERS & REFERENCES

1151) B     Low seated submandibular glands

Kridel R. W.H., Soliemanzadeh P.: The Aging Face (Rhytidectomy) chapter 177 in Bailey, Byron J.; Johnson, Jonas T. Newlands, Shawn D., Head & Neck Surgery - Otolaryngology, 4th Edition, 2006, pp 2627-2649

1152) A     Cervico-mental angle

Kridel R. W.H., Soliemanzadeh P.: The Aging Face (Rhytidectomy) chapter 177 in Bailey, Byron J.; Johnson, Jonas T. Newlands, Shawn D., Head & Neck Surgery - Otolaryngology, 4th Edition, 2006, pp 2627-2649

1153) C     Malar fat pad ptosis

Kridel R. W.H., Soliemanzadeh P.: The Aging Face (Rhytidectomy) chapter 177 in Bailey, Byron J.; Johnson, Jonas T. Newlands, Shawn D., Head & Neck Surgery - Otolaryngology, 4th Edition, 2006, pp 2627-2649

1154) B     Thin dermis

Hoffmann J. F.: Tissue Expansion in Reconstruction of the Head and Neck, Chapter 55 in Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, (Papel I. D. , editor), Third edition, 2009, pp. 745-756

1155) A     Facial nerve palsy (0.8%)

Kridel R. W.H., Soliemanzadeh P.: The Aging Face (Rhytidectomy) chapter 177 in Bailey, Byron J.; Johnson, Jonas T. Newlands, Shawn D., Head & Neck Surgery - Otolaryngology, 4th Edition, 2006, pp 2627-2649

Perkins S. W., Naderi S.:Rhytidectomy, Chapter 19 in Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery,  (Papel I. D., editor), Third edition, 2009, pp. 207-225

1156) B     35 mm

Strong E. B.: Frontal Sinus and Naso-Orbital-Ethmoid Complex Fractures, Chapter 70 in Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, (Papel I. D. , editor), Third edition, 2009, pp. 977-990

1157) A     Primary repair

DeFatta R. J. , Williams E. F.: Lip Recontruction, Chapter 61 in Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, (Papel I. D. , editor), Third edition, 2009, pp. 841-854

1158) A     It is a paired muscle innervated by the external laryngeal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.

Williams III E. F., Pontius A. T.: The Aging Neck, chapter 178 in Bailey, Byron J.; Johnson, Jonas T. Newlands, Shawn D., Head & Neck Surgery - Otolaryngology, 4th Edition, 2006, pp 2651-2662

1159) C     Pogonion

Williams III E. F., Pontius A. T.: The Aging Neck, chapter 178 in Bailey, Byron J.; Johnson, Jonas T. Newlands, Shawn D., Head & Neck Surgery - Otolaryngology, 4th Edition, 2006, pp 2651-2662

1160) C     Hematoma

Williams III E. F., Pontius A. T.: The Aging Neck, chapter 178 in Bailey, Byron J.; Johnson, Jonas T. Newlands, Shawn D., Head & Neck Surgery - Otolaryngology, 4th Edition, 2006, pp 2651-2662

-----------------------------------------
Updated: August 5, 2017

1131-1140 MCQ Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

1131-1140

1131) Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the radial forearm free flap?

A. It is thin and pliable flap
B. Versatile
C. Limited bulk
D. Forearm defect can be close primarily
E. Osteo-cutaneous flap with 10 cm of radius is possible

1132) What is the MAIN ADVANTAGE of the free Lateral Arm Flap versus the free Radial Foream Flap?

A. Thin and pliable skin
B. Primary closure of the donor defect is possible
C. It has more bone available
D. Allen test results is the most important consideration of avoid hand ischemia
E. Postoperative bleeding and infection more common

1133) Which of the following is FALSE regarding the Lateral Arm Free Flap?

A. It is based on the posterior radial collateral artery
B. The radial artery is also a main part of vascular pedicle
C. Primary closure can usually be accomplish
D. It has dual venous drainage
E. The cutaneous paddle is approximately to one third of the circumference of the arm

1134) Which of the following is a MORBIDITY MOST commonly related to the Superficial Temporal Parietal Fascia Flap?

A. Skin necrosis
B. Infection
C. Bleeding
D. Alopecia
E. Severe postoperative edema

1135) Which of the following is FALSE regarding the Rectus Myocutaneous Free Flap?

A. The deep superior epigastric artery and vein is part of the vascular pedicle
B. The deep inferior epigastric artery and vein is part also of the vascular pedicle
C. The deep superior epigastric artery must be mandatorily ncluded in head and neck reconstruction.
D. Abdominal wall hernia is part of the potential morbidity
E. The donor site is usually closed primarily

1136) Which of the following surgical techniques is the one that was used with the final scar result?


A. Running Z-plasties
B. Running W-plasties
C. Geometric broken-line closure
D. Running M-plasties
E. Fusiform excision with scar repositioning

1137) Which of the following microvascular Free Soft-Tissue Flap is the BULKIEST?

A. Radial forearm
B. Lateral arm
C. Gracilis
D. Anterolateral thigh
E. Rectus

1138) Which of the following microvascular flaps is the BEST to be used in total glossectomy?

A. Latissimus dorsi
B. Radial forearm
C. Anterolateral thigh
D. Gracilis
E. Lateral arm

1139) Which of the following microvascular flaps is MOST COMMONLY used in facial reanimation?

A. Lateral arm
B. Superficial Temporal Parietal Fascia
C. Anterolateral thigh
D. Gracilis
E. Radial Forearm

1140) Which of the following statements regarding the fibular osteo-cutaneous flap is TRUE?

A. The longest possible segment of fibular bone for harvesting is 20 cm
B. The fibular bone can be contoured to reconstruct only small to medium mandibular defects
C. An 8-cm segment of fibular is necessary above and below for ankle and knee stability
D. Posterior split in the immediate postoperative period is usually not necessary
E. Two-team approach although possible not recommended

ANSWERS & REFERENCES

1131) D        Forearm defect can be close primarily

Chepeha D. B., Teknos T. N.: Microvascular Free Flaps in Head and Neck Reconstruction, Chapter 162, in Head & Neck Surgery - Otolaryngology (Bailey, Byron J.; Johnson, Jonas T.; Newlands, Shawn D.d, editors), 4th edition, Lippincott Willimas & Wilkins, 2006, pp 2369- 2391

Burkey B. B, , Coleman J. R: Microvascular Flaps, chapter 47, Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, second edition, (Papel, I. D., editor), Thieme, 2002, pp. 567-590

1132) B        Primary closure of the donor defect is possible                                                                 

Chepeha D. B., Teknos T. N.: Microvascular Free Flaps in Head and Neck Reconstruction, Chapter 162, in Head & Neck Surgery - Otolaryngology (Bailey, Byron J.; Johnson, Jonas T.; Newlands, Shawn D.d, editors), Lippincott Willimas & Wilkins, 2006, pp 2369- 2391

Burkey B. B, , Coleman J. R: Microvascular Flaps, chapter 47, Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, second edition, (Papel, I. D., editor), Thieme, 2002, pp. 567-590

1133) B      The radial artery is also a main part of vascular pedicle

Chepeha D. B., Teknos T. N.: Microvascular Free Flaps in Head and Neck Reconstruction, Chapter 162, in Head & Neck Surgery - Otolaryngology (Bailey, Byron J.; Johnson, Jonas T.; Newlands, Shawn D.d, editors), Lippincott Willimas & Wilkins, 2006, pp 2369- 2391

Burkey B. B, , Coleman J. R: Microvascular Flaps, chapter 47, Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, second edition, (Papel, I. D., editor), Thieme, 2002, pp. 567-590

1134) D     Alopecia


Chepeha D. B., Teknos T. N.: Microvascular Free Flaps in Head and Neck Reconstruction, Chapter 162, in Head & Neck Surgery - Otolaryngology (Bailey, Byron J.; Johnson, Jonas T.; Newlands, Shawn D.d, editors), Lippincott Willimas & Wilkins, 2006, pp 2369- 2391

Burkey B. B, , Coleman J. R: Microvascular Flaps, chapter 47, Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, second edition, (Papel, I. D., editor), Thieme, 2002, pp. 567-590

1135) C     The deep superior epigastric artery must be mandatorily included in head and neck reconstruction.

Chepeha D. B., Teknos T. N.: Microvascular Free Flaps in Head and Neck Reconstruction, Chapter 162, in Head & Neck Surgery - Otolaryngology (Bailey, Byron J.; Johnson, Jonas T.; Newlands, Shawn D.d, editors), Lippincott Willimas & Wilkins, 2006, pp 2369- 2391

Burkey B. B, , Coleman J. R: Microvascular Flaps, chapter 47, Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, second edition, (Papel, I. D., editor), Thieme, 2002, pp. 567-590

1136) C     Geometric broken-line closure

Hochman M.: Scar Camouflage, Chapter 164, in Head & Neck Surgery - Otolaryngology (Bailey, Byron J.; Johnson, Jonas T.; Newlands, Shawn D, editors), Lippincott Willimas & Wilkins, 2006, pp 2412-2419

1137) E     Rectus

Chepeha D. B., Teknos T. N.: Microvascular Free Flaps in Head and Neck Reconstruction, Chapter 162, in Head & Neck Surgery - Otolaryngology (Bailey, Byron J.; Johnson, Jonas T.; Newlands, Shawn D., editors), Lippincott Willimas & Wilkins, 2006, pp 2369- 2391

1138) A      Latissimus dorsi

Chepeha D. B., Teknos T. N.: Microvascular Free Flaps in Head and Neck Reconstruction, Chapter 162, in Head & Neck Surgery - Otolaryngology (Bailey, Byron J.; Johnson, Jonas T.; Newlands, Shawn D., editors), Lippincott Willimas & Wilkins, 2006, pp 2369- 2391

Burkey B. B, , Coleman J. R: Microvascular Flaps, chapter 47, Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, second edition, (Papel, I. D., editor), Thieme, 2002, pp. 567-590

1139) D      Gracilis

Chepeha D. B., Teknos T. N.: Microvascular Free Flaps in Head and Neck Reconstruction, Chapter 162, in Head & Neck Surgery - Otolaryngology (Bailey, Byron J.; Johnson, Jonas T.; Newlands, Shawn D., editors), Lippincott Willimas & Wilkins, 2006, pp 2369- 2391

1140) C      An 8-cm segment of fibular is necessary above and below for ankle and knee stability

Chepeha D. B., Teknos T. N.: Microvascular Free Flaps in Head and Neck Reconstruction, Chapter 162, in Head & Neck Surgery - Otolaryngology (Bailey, Byron J.; Johnson, Jonas T.; Newlands, Shawn D., editors), Lippincott Willimas & Wilkins, 2006, pp 2369- 2391

Burkey B. B, , Coleman J. R: Microvascular Flaps, chapter 47, Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, second edition, (Papel, I. D., editor), Thieme, 2002, pp. 567-590

-----------------------------------------
Updated: August 5, 2017

1121-1130 MCQ Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

1121-1130

1121) In which of the following clinical situations Mohs micrographic surgery is usually NOT necessary?

A. Squamous cell carcinoma of cheek greater than 2 cm.
B. Basal cell carcinoma morpheaform type of the cheek
C. Basal cell carcinoma recurrent of the cheek
D. Basal cell carcinoma nodular type of the cheek
E. Squamous cell carcinoma recurrent of the cheek

1122) Which of the following is the mainstay in the treatment of the Merkel Cell Carcinoma?

A. Surgery
B. Radiation therapy
C. Chemotherapy
D. Immunotherapy
E. Laser (CO2)

1123) What is the most common symptom of Nonmelanoma skin cancer?

A. Pain
B. Pruritus
C. Bleeding
D. Discharge
E. Asymptomatic

1124) Which of the following form of malignant melanoma involves in equal frequency blacks and whites?

A. Superficial Spreading Melanoma
B. Nodular Melanoma
C. Lentigo Maligna Melanoma
D. Acral Lentiginous Melanoma
E. Mucosal Lentiginous Melanoma

1125) What is the recommended margin of resection for a cutaneous melanoma with a tumor thickness of 3.5 mm?

A. 0.5 cm.
B. 0.75 cm.
C. 1 cm.
D. 2 cm.
E. 3 cm.

1126) Which of the following reconstruction flaps is the one indicated in the drawing?

A. Limberg
B. Dufourmental
C. Webster
D. Bilobed
E. M-plasty

1127) How many possible designs can be constructed with the classic Rhombic Flap?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5

1128) Which are the amplitude of the angles in the classic Rhombic Flap?

A. 30 and 60
B. 60 and 120
C. 60 and 70
D. 45 and 90
E. 15 and 75

1129) Which of the following sites is NOT included in the "mask area" of the face?

A. Eyelids
B. Preauricular area
C. Postauricular area
D. Forehead
E. Nose

1130) Which of the following represents the distance between the upper lid margin and the inferior limbus?

A. MRD-1
B. MRD-2
C. MLD-3
D. FRD-1
E. MCH

ANSWERS & REFERENCES

1121) D     Basal cell carcinoma nodular type of the cheek

Ho T., Byrne P. J.: Evaluation and Initial Management of the Patient with Facial Skin Cancer in Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America, Skin Cancer (Byrne P. J., Guest Editor), August 2009, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 301-307

1122) A     Surgery

Lee D. A., Miller S. J.: Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer in Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America, Skin Cancer (Byrne P. J., Guest Editor), August 2009, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 309-324

1123) E     Asymptomatic

Lee D. A., Miller S. J.: Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer in Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America, Skin Cancer (Byrne P. J., Guest Editor), August 2009, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 309-324

1124) D     Acral Lentiginous Melanoma

Califano J., Nance M.: Malignant Melanoma in Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America, Skin Cancer (Byrne P. J., Guest Editor), August 2009, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 337-348

1125) D     2 cm.

Califano J., Nance M.: Malignant Melanoma in Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America, Skin Cancer (Byrne P. J., Guest Editor), August 2009, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 337-348

1126) C     Webster

Chu E. A. , Byrne P. J.: Local Flaps I: Bilobed, Rhombic and Cervicofacial in Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America, Skin Cancer (Byrne P. J., Guest Editor), August 2009, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 349-360

1127) D     4

Chu E. A. , Byrne P. J.: Local Flaps I: Bilobed, Rhombic and Cervicofacial in Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America, Skin Cancer (Byrne P. J., Guest Editor), August 2009, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 349-360

1128) B     60 and 120

Chu E. A. , Byrne P. J.: Local Flaps I: Bilobed, Rhombic and Cervicofacial in Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America, Skin Cancer (Byrne P. J., Guest Editor), August 2009, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 349-360

1129) D     Forehead

Lee D. A., Miller S. J.: Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer in Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America, Skin Cancer (Byrne P. J., Guest Editor), August 2009, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 309-324

1130) C     MLD-3

Suryadevara Amar C., Moe K. S.: Reconstruction of Eyelid Defects in Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America, Skin Cancer (Byrne P. J., Guest Editor), August 2009, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 419-428

-----------------------------------------
Updated: August 5, 2017

1111-1120 MCQ Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

1111-1120

1111) Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the surface eyelid anatomy?

A. The upper eyelid skin crease is approximately 10 mm superior to the eyelid margin.
B. The upper eyelid skin crease is formed by the attachment of the Muller's muscle.
C. The lateral canthal angle is 2 mm higher than the medial canthal angle.
D. The distance from the medial canthus to the midline of the nose is approximately 15 mm.
E. The palpebral fissure presents at the lateral canthus with an angle of 30°.

1112) Which is the proper sensory innervation of the eyelids?

A. CN V1
B. CN V2
C. CN V3
D. CN V1 and CN V2
E. CN V2 and CN V3

1113) Which of the following statements in eyelid anatomy is FALSE?

A. All of the eyelid fat pads lie deep to the orbital septum.
B. The lower eyelid contains three fat pads: medial, central, and lateral.
C. The capsulopalpebral fascia is one of the lower eyelid retractors.
D. The eyelid retractors are superficial to the fat pads.
E. Mueller's muscle is innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers.

1114) It is a connective tissue structure that attaches peripherally at the periosteum of the orbital margin, lies just deep to the orbicularis oculi muscle and centrally fuses with the lid retractor structures near the lid margins. Which of the following best described the eyelid structure presented previously?

A. The tarsal plate
B. The medial palpebral ligament
C. The medial palpebral ligament
D. The orbicularis retaining ligament
E. The orbital septum

1115) The hollowed-out appearance following cosmetic blepharoplasty is MOST commonly associated with

A. Excesive of skin resection
B. Excesive of muscle resection
C. Excesive fat resection
D. Damage to the lacrimal gland
E. Poor wound healing and scarring


1116) Which of the following surgical techniques BEST describe the ONE used in the drawing below?

A. Two V-Y plasties
B. Two Half Z-plasties
C. Two opposing Z-plasties
D. Running W-plasty
E. Two M-plasties

1117) The prevalance of orbital hemorrage associated with cosmetic blepharoplasty is approximately

A. 1 case in 250
B. 1 case in 500
C. 1 case in 1000
D. 1 case in 1500
E. 1 case in 2000

1118) The prevalance of blindness associated with cosmetic blepharoplasty is approximately

A. 1 case in 2000
B. 1 case in 3000
C. 1 case in 5000
D. 1 case in 10.000
E. 1 case in 20.000

1119) In wound healing the MAXIMAL CONTRACTION occurs at

A. 1 week
B. 2 weeks
C. 3 weeks
D. 1 month
E. 2 months

1120) Which of the following features is NOT associated with an ideal or beautiful youthful eye?

A. No scleral show
B. Palpebral aperture has an almond shape
C. Upper eyelid covers 1 mm of the superior limbus
D. Negative Lateral Canthal Tilt
E. Intercanthal distance is equal to the width of the eye

ANSWERS & REFERENCES

1111) B     The upper eyelid skin crease is formed by the attachment of the Muller's muscle.

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/834932-overview

1112) D     CN V1 and CN V2

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/834932-overview

1113) D     The eyelid retractors are superficial to the fat pads.

Oren Friedman, Tom D. Wang,Ted A. Cook: Management of the aging periorbital area, chapter 32 in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, (Cummings, editor), 4th edition, 2005, Mosby

1114) E     The orbital septum

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/834932-overview

1115) C     Excesive fat resection

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1281677-treatment

1116) C     Two opposing Z-plasties

Thomas J. R., Ehlert T. K.: Local Flaps in Soft-Tissue Surgery, chapter 11 in Otolaryngology, English, Volume 4, J. B. Lippincott Co., pp. 1-29

1117) E     1 case in 2000

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1281677-treatment

1118) E     1 case in 20.000

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1281677-treatment

1119) B      2 weeks

Pitzer G. B., Patel K. G.: Proper Care of Early Wounds to Optimize Healing and Prevent Complications, Scar: Prevention, Correction and Reduction, (Mobley S. R., editor), Facial Plastic Clinic of North America, Vol.19, No. 3, August 2011, pp. 491-504

1120) D     Negative Lateral Canthal Tilt

Volpe C. R. V., Martinez O. M.: The Beautiful Eye, Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America, Blepharoplasty, (Nassif P. S., editor), Saunders, Vol. 13, No. 4, Nov. 2005, pp. 493-504

-----------------------------------------
Updated: August 5, 2017

1101-1110 MCQ Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

1101-1110 

1101) Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding seborrheic keratoses?

A. Seborrehic keratoses are due to sun exposure.
B. Seborrehic keratoses have a premalignant potential.
C. Seborrehic keratoses require a mandatory excision.
D. Seborrehic keratoses are superficial lesions.
E. Seborrehic keratoses can occur anywhere on the body including the palms and soles.

1102) Which of the following skin conditions IS TREATED effectively with topical 5-fluorouracil and/or Imiquimod cream?

A. Seborrehic keratoses
B. Dermatosis Papulosa Nigra
C. Actinic keratosis
D. Basal cell carcinoma
E. Keratoacantoma

1103) Which of the following skin nevus is the MOST common in the adult population?

A. Junctional nevus
B. Intradermal nevus
C. Compound nevus
D. Halo nevus
E. Blue nevus

1104) A "LARGE" congenital nevus is defined as a lesion of

A. Greater than 20 cm
B. Between 15-20 cm
C. Between 15-10 cm
D. Between 5-10 cm
E.Up to 5 cm with rapid exophitic growth

1105) Which of the following is the MOST appropriate management for a "LARGE" congenital nevus?

A. Conservative, no surgery.
B. Surgery, serial excision in stages
C. Surgery, total excision one stage
D. CO2 laser
E. Intralesional injections of methotrexate

1106) Which of the following scar revision techniques is the ONE used in the drawing?

A. M-plasty
B. Compound Z-plasty
C. Serial Z-plasty
D. Running W-plasty
E. Geometric broken line closure

1107) Which of the following percentages is the approximately chance of developing melanoma in the first two decades of life, in a child with a "LARGE" congenital nevus?

A. 1%
B. 5%
C. 10%
D. 20%
E. 25%

1108) The MOST appropriate management of spider telangiectasia is

A. Electrocautery
B. Incisional biopsy
C. Excision
D. Chemical peeling
E. CO2 laser

1109) Which of the following facial conditions will NOT require treatment?

A. Displastic nevus
B. Actinic keratosis
C. Venous lakes
D. Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
E. Trichoepithelioma

1110) Which of the following statements regarding hemangiomas and vascular malformations is FALSE?

A. Hemangiomas are present at birth.
B. Hemangiomas are characterized by a rapid postnatal growth for the first 8 to 12 months.
C. Hemangiomas have a slow regression over 5-8 years.
D. Vascular malformations grows proportional with the child's age.
E. Vascular malformations will expand with hormonal changes.

ANSWERS & REFERENCES

1101) D     Seborrehic keratoses are superficial lesions.

Lee K.K., Mehrany K., Swanson N. A.: Recognition and treatment of skin lesions, chapter 22 in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, (Cummings, editor), 4th edition, 2005, Mosby

1102) C     Actinic keratosis

Lee K.K., Mehrany K., Swanson N. A.: Recognition and treatment of skin lesions, chapter 22 in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, (Cummings, editor), 4th edition, 2005, Mosby

1103) B     Intradermal nevus

Lee K.K., Mehrany K., Swanson N. A.: Recognition and treatment of skin lesions, chapter 22 in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, (Cummings, editor), 4th edition, 2005, Mosby

1104) A      Greater than 20 cm

Zimbler M. S., Ham J.: Aesthetic Facial Analysis, chapter 21 in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, (Cummings, editor), 4th edition, 2005, Mosby

1105) B     Surgery, serial excision in stages

Lee K.K., Mehrany K., Swanson N. A.: Recognition and treatment of skin lesions, chapter 22 in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, (Cummings, editor), 4th edition, 2005, Mosby

1106) C     Serial Z-plasty

Regan Thomas J., Ross Mobley S.: Scar Revision and camouflage, chapter 25 in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, (Cummings, editor), 4th edition, 2005, Mosby

1107) C     10%

Regan Thomas J., Ross Mobley S.: Scar Revision and camouflage, chapter 25 in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, (Cummings, editor), 4th edition, 2005, Mosby

1108) A      Electrocautery

Lee K.K., Mehrany K., Swanson N. A.: Recognition and treatment of skin lesions, chapter 22 in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, (Cummings, editor), 4th edition, 2005, Mosby

1109) C     Venous lakes

Lee K.K., Mehrany K., Swanson N. A.: Recognition and treatment of skin lesions, chapter 22 in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, (Cummings, editor), 4th edition, 2005, Mosby

1110) A     Hemangiomas are present at birth.

Lee K.K., Mehrany K., Swanson N. A.: Recognition and treatment of skin lesions, chapter 22 in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, (Cummings, editor), 4th edition, 2005, Mosby